What Animals Are Suseptable To Pathogenic Molds

Blazon of Fungi that causes diseases

Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans.^[1] Markedly more fungi are known to be pathogenic to plant life than those of the animal kingdom.^[2] The written report of fungi pathogenic to humans is called "medical mycology". Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms.^[3] The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology.

Candida [edit]

Candida species cause infections in individuals with deficient immune systems. Th1-type cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required for clearance of a fungal infection. Candida albicans is a kind of diploid yeast that commonly occurs among the man gut microflora. C. albicans is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Aberrant over-growth of this mucus can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.^[4] C. albicans has a parasexual cycle that appears to be stimulated by environmental stress.^[five]

Other species of Candida may be pathogenic equally well, including Candida stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, C. pseudotropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, and C. guilliermondii. ^[6]

Aspergillus [edit]

The most common pathogenic species are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxin which is both a toxin and a carcinogen and which can potentially contaminate foods such equally nuts. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus clavatus can crusade allergic affliction. Some Aspergillus species crusade disease on grain crops, especially maize, and synthesize mycotoxins including aflatoxin. Aspergillosis is the group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness. Commonly, only patients with weakened immune systems or with other lung conditions are susceptible.^[three]

The spores of Aspergillus fumigatus are ubiquitous in the temper. A. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen. It can cause potentially lethal invasive infection in immunocompromised individuals.^[7] A. fumigatus has a fully functional sexual cycle that produces cleistothecia and ascospores.

Cryptococcus [edit]

Cryptococcus neoformans can cause a severe course of meningitis and meningo-encephalitis in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. The majority of Cryptococcus species live in the soil and do non cause illness in humans. Cryptococcus neoformans is the major human and animate being pathogen. Papiliotrema laurentii and Naganishia albida, both formerly referred to Cryptococcus, have been known to occasionally cause moderate-to-severe disease in human patients with compromised immunity. Cryptococcus gattii is endemic to tropical parts of the continent of Africa and Australia and tin crusade disease in not-immunocompromised people.^[3]

Infecting C. neoformans cells are ordinarily phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages in the lung.^[8] The invading C. neoformans cells may exist killed by the release of oxidative and nitrosative molecules by these macrophages.^[9] Withal some C. neoformans cells may survive within the macrophages.^[eight] The power of the pathogen to survive within the macrophages probably determines latency of the disease, dissemination and resistance to antifungal agents. In club to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the macrophage, 1 of the responses of C. neoformans is to upregulate genes employed in responses to oxidative stress.^[8]

The haploid nuclei of C. neoformans tin undergo nuclear fusion (karyogamy) to become diploid. These diploid nuclei may then undergo meiosis, including recombination, resulting in the formation of haploid basidiospores that are able to disperse.^[10] Meiosis may facilitate repair of C. neoformans Dna in response to macrophage challenge.^[10] ^[11]

Histoplasma [edit]

Histoplasma capsulatum tin can cause histoplasmosis in humans, dogs and cats. The mucus is nearly prevalent in the Americas, Republic of india and southeastern Asia. Information technology is endemic in sure areas of the United states of america. Infection is usually due to inhaling contaminated air.

Pneumocystis [edit]

Pneumocystis jirovecii (or Pneumocystis carinii) can crusade a class of pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems, such as premature children, the elderly and AIDS patients.^[12]

Stachybotrys [edit]

Stachybotrys chartarum or "black mold" tin cause respiratory impairment and severe headaches. It oft occurs in houses and in regions that are chronically damp.^[13]

Host defense mechanisms [edit]

Endothermy [edit]

Mammalian endothermy and homeothermy are strong nonspecific defenses against most fungi.^[14] A comparative genomic study constitute that in opportunistic fungi there are few if any specialised virulence traits consistently linked to opportunistic pathogenicity of fungi in humans apart from the ability to grow at 37 °C.^[fifteen]

Barrier tissues [edit]

The skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the genital-urinary tract induced inflammation^{[ vague ]} are mutual actual regions of fungal infection.

Allowed response [edit]

Studies have shown that hosts with college levels of allowed response cells such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and invariant natural killer (iNK) T-cells exhibited greater command of fungal growth and protection against systemic infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in inducing an immune response by recognizing specific fungal pathogens and initiating an immune response. In the case of mucosal candidiasis, the cells that produce cytokine IL-17 are extremely important in maintaining innate immunity.^[16]

Link to extremotolerance [edit]

A comprehensive comparison of distribution of opportunistic pathogens and stress-tolerant fungi in the fungal tree of life showed that polyextremotolerance and opportunistic pathogenicity consistently announced in the same fungal orders and that the co-occurrence of opportunism and extremotolerance (e.g. osmotolerance and psychrotolerance) is statistically significant. This suggests that some adaptations to stressful environments may also promote fungal survival during the infection.^[15]

Come across also [edit]

List of homo diseases associated with infectious pathogens
Microbiology
Microsporidia
Mycology
Found pathology

References [edit]

^ "Stop neglecting fungi". Nature Microbiology. ii (eight): 17120. 25 July 2017. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.120. PMID 28741610.
^ English, Mary P. (1980). Medical Mycology. 41 Bedford Square, London WC1 3DQ: Edward Arnold Publishers Limited. p. 5. ISBN0-7131-2795-three. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c San-Blas G; Calderone RA, eds. (2008). Pathogenic Fungi: Insights in Molecular Biological science. Caister Academic Press. ISBN978-i-904455-32-v.
^ Martins N, Ferreira IC, Barros Fifty, Silva S, Henriques Thousand (2014). "Candidiasis: predisposing factors, prevention, diagnosis and culling handling". Mycopathologia. 177 (5–half-dozen): 223–40. doi:10.1007/s11046-014-9749-1. hdl:1822/31482. PMID 24789109. S2CID 795450.
^ Bennett RJ (2015). "The parasexual lifestyle of Candida albicans". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 28: 10–7. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.017. PMC4688137. PMID 26210747.
^ Beneke, E. Due south. (1966). Medical Mycology: Laboratory Transmission (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company. p. 161.
^ O'Gorman CM, Fuller H, Dyer PS (2009). "Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus". Nature. 457 (7228): 471–4. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..471O. doi:10.1038/nature07528. PMID 19043401. S2CID 4371721.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fan W, Kraus PR, Boily MJ, Heitman J (2005). "Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression during murine macrophage infection". Eukaryotic Prison cell. 4 (8): 1420–33. doi:10.1128/EC.4.8.1420-1433.2005. PMC1214536. PMID 16087747.
^ Alspaugh JA, Granger DL (1991). "Inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans replication by nitrogen oxides supports the role of these molecules as effectors of macrophage-mediated cytostasis". Infect. Immun. 59 (7): 2291–vi. doi:10.1128/IAI.59.7.2291-2296.1991. PMC258009. PMID 2050398.
^ ^a ^b Lin X, Hull CM, Heitman J (2005). "Sexual reproduction betwixt partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans". Nature. 434 (7036): 1017–21. Bibcode:2005Natur.434.1017L. doi:x.1038/nature03448. PMID 15846346. S2CID 52857557.
^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (2018). "Sex in microbial pathogens". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 57: 8–25. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.ten.024. PMID 29111273.
^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Loma. ISBN978-0-8385-8529-0.
^ Bitnun, Ari; Nosal, Robert M (1999). "Stachybotrys chartarum (atra) contamination of the indoor environment: Health implications". Paediatrics & Kid Wellness. iv (two): 125–129. ISSN 1205-7088. PMC2828207. PMID 20212975.
^ Robert, V. A.; Casadevall, A. (2009). "Vertebrate Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi equally Potential Pathogens". The Periodical of Infectious Diseases. 200 (ten): 1623–1626. doi:ten.1086/644642. PMID 19827944.
^ ^a ^b Gostinčar, Cene; Zajc, Janja; Lenassi, Metka; Plemenitaš, Ana; de Hoog, Sybren; Al-Hatmi, Abdullah M. S.; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2018-eleven-01). "Fungi between extremotolerance and opportunistic pathogenicity on humans". Fungal Diversity. 93 (one): 195–213. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0414-8. ISSN 1878-9129.
^ Brown GD, Drummond RA, Gaffen SL, Hise AG (2015). "Innate Defence against Fungal Pathogens". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 5 (6): a019620. doi:ten.1101/cshperspect.a019620. PMC4426252. PMID 25384766.

Farther reading [edit]

Almeida F, Rodrigues ML, Coelho C (2019). "The Still Underestimated Problem of Fungal Diseases Worldwide". Front Microbiol. 10: 214. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00214. PMC6379264. PMID 30809213.

External links [edit]

Ecmm.european union: Official European Confederation of Medical Mycology website

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_fungus

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